{"id":11954,"date":"2011-02-05T21:13:31","date_gmt":"2011-02-05T21:13:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=11954"},"modified":"2011-02-06T04:44:53","modified_gmt":"2011-02-06T04:44:53","slug":"julianne-jennings-the-mixed-blood-of-indians-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=11954","title":{"rendered":"Julianne Jennings: The mixed blood of Indians explained"},"content":{"rendered":"

Julianne Jennings: The mixed blood of Indians explained<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The Providence Journal
\n<\/a>Providence, Rhode Island
\n2009-01-30<\/p>\n

Julianne Jennings<\/a>
\n<\/strong>Willmantic, Connecticut<\/p>\n

EUROPEAN EXPLORERS discovered a land inhabited by an agricultural people who grew corn, beans and squash and who had a sophisticated system of government that, some would argue, would later be adopted by the United States. The settling of a hostile \u201cwilderness\u201d and the near-extinction of Native Americans is now an annual American celebration called Thanksgiving<\/a>. Every year, school-age children are taught the legend of the first encounter between Indians and the Pilgrims<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Included in the mythical story is a description of what an \u201cauthentic\u201d Indian looked like and how he or she behaved. These false images are promulgated in children\u2019s literature and in film and have become the death of many Native Americans who do not fit the popular stereotype, especially Indians who live along the Eastern Seaboard<\/a> and whose physical features reflect blood mixing.<\/p>\n

In New England<\/a>, after the Pequot War<\/a> (1636-1637) and the King Philip\u2019s War<\/a> (1675-1676), the Pequots<\/a> were either executed, forced into indentured servitude in colonial households, divided among other Eastern tribes, or shipped to Bermuda<\/a> and the Caribbean<\/a> as slaves. Today, eight out of ten Native Americans are of mixed blood as a result of slavery and post-slavery intermarriage, particularly in New England.<\/strong> Further, the infamous \u201cone-drop rule<\/a>,\u201d which is also tied to the colonial slave system, decreed that a single drop of black blood, or a single ancestor who was African, in an individual of mixed race defined that person as black.<\/p>\n

After the Pequot War and the King Philip\u2019s War, slavery was a booming business in Bermuda in the late 1600s. The English conducted a census of the population living on the island. There were five categories of race: white, negro, Indian, mulatto<\/a> and mustees<\/a>. Mustees were people who were of mixed race but passed<\/a> for white. During the late 1700s another census was conducted. There were still five categories; however, Indians were now classified as \u201ccolored.\u201d After emancipation in 1834, the classification of mustees were dropped, people of color were either negro, colored or mulatto, depending on their features, skin color and hair texture…<\/p>\n

Read the entire article here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Julianne Jennings: The mixed blood of Indians explained The Providence Journal Providence, Rhode Island 2009-01-30 Julianne Jennings Willmantic, Connecticut EUROPEAN EXPLORERS discovered a land inhabited by an agricultural people who grew corn, beans and squash and who had a sophisticated system of government that, some would argue, would later be adopted by the United States. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1649,12,459,8,3015,20],"tags":[5371,2699,4077],"class_list":["post-11954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","category-articles","category-history","category-media-archive","category-native-americans","category-usa","tag-julianne-jennings","tag-new-england","tag-the-providence-journal"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11954"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11954\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11954"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}