{"id":15998,"date":"2011-09-02T19:44:51","date_gmt":"2011-09-02T19:44:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=15998"},"modified":"2011-09-02T16:58:01","modified_gmt":"2011-09-02T16:58:01","slug":"shades-of-fraternity-creolization-and-the-making-of-citizenship-in-french-india-1790%e2%80%931792","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=15998","title":{"rendered":"Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in French India, 1790\u20131792"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1215\/00161071-2008-007\" target=\"_blank\">Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in French India, 1790\u20131792<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/fhs.dukejournals.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">French Historical Studies<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/fhs.dukejournals.org\/content\/31\/4.toc\" target=\"_blank\">Volume 31, Number 4<\/a> (2008)<br \/>\npages 581-607<br \/>\nDOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1215\/00161071-2008-007\" target=\"_blank\">10.1215\/00161071-2008-007<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uws.edu.au\/centre_for_cultural_research\/ccr\/people\/researchers\/dr_adrian_carton2\" target=\"_blank\">Adrian Carton<\/a><\/strong><br \/>\nCentre for Cultural Research<br \/>\n<em>University of Western Sydney, Australia<\/em><\/p>\n<p>On October 16, 1790, a group of <em>topas<\/em> men wrote a petition to the Colonial Assembly at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puducherry\" target=\"_blank\">Pondich\u00e9ry<\/a>, protesting the decision of September that year to exclude them from the electoral list of active citizens on the basis of \u201crace.\u201d These propertied, free men of color demanded to have the same rights as Europeans and the m\u00e9tis. While historians of the French empire have long considered how <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=451\" target=\"_blank\">mulatto<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Creole_peoples\" target=\"_blank\">creole<\/a> people in the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Caribbean\" target=\"_blank\">French Caribbean<\/a> negotiated the boundaries of citizenship after the Revolution, the debate that emerged in India offers a different view. This essay argues that the <em>topas<\/em> drew on precedents from other French colonies, as well as on the status of foreigners in France itself, to argue that domicile (<em>ius solis<\/em>) rather than bloodline (<em>ius sanguinis<\/em>) formed the basis of what it meant to be French. Hence skin color could not be a barrier to citizenship rights.<\/p>\n<p>Read or purchase the article <a href=\"http:\/\/fhs.dukejournals.org\/content\/31\/4\/581.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in French India, 1790\u20131792 French Historical Studies Volume 31, Number 4 (2008) pages 581-607 DOI: 10.1215\/00161071-2008-007 Adrian Carton Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney, Australia On October 16, 1790, a group of topas men wrote a petition to the Colonial Assembly at Pondich\u00e9ry, protesting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,16,459,1467,8],"tags":[643,3831,1351],"class_list":["post-15998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","category-asia","category-history","category-law","category-media-archive","tag-adrian-carton","tag-french-historical-studies","tag-india"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15998","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15998"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15998\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15998"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15998"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}