{"id":19386,"date":"2011-12-30T19:41:04","date_gmt":"2011-12-30T19:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=19386"},"modified":"2016-05-22T20:43:17","modified_gmt":"2016-05-22T20:43:17","slug":"hypodescent-a-history-of-the-crystallization-of-the-one-drop-rule-in-the-united-states-1880-1940","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=19386","title":{"rendered":"Hypodescent: A history of the crystallization of the one-drop rule in the United States, 1880-1940"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/proquest.umi.com\/pqdlink?did=2489289641&amp;Fmt=7&amp;clientI d=79356&amp;RQT=309&amp;VName=PQD\" target=\"_blank\">Hypodescent: A history of the crystallization of the one-drop rule in the United States, 1880-1940<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Princeton University<br \/>\nSeptember 2011<br \/>\n383 pages<br \/>\nPublication Number: AAT 3480237<br \/>\nISBN: 9781124939179<\/p>\n<p><strong>Scott Leon Washington<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This dissertation examines the crystallization of the one-drop rule in the United States between 1880 and 1940. The &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=3208\" target=\"_blank\">one-drop rule<\/a>&#8221; is a colloquial expression, a phrase which reflects the belief that a person bearing a trace of African ancestry (literally, a single drop of black or Negro &#8220;blood&#8221;) is black. Historians and social scientists have tended to assume that, as a principle of classification, the one-drop rule can be traced back to the institution of slavery.<strong> This study provides a different account. Using a variety of methods, it attempts to explain how the one-drop rule developed, when it became institutionalized, and why.<\/strong> It also adopts a new approach to the study of race, ethnicity, and nationalism, an approach based largely although by no means exclusively on the work of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Bourdieu\" target=\"_blank\">Pierre Bourdieu<\/a>. The study in its present form has been limited to five chapters. Chapter One explores the origins and development of the one-drop rule, while Chapter Two provides a detailed reading of the case of <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=8840\" target=\"_blank\">Plessy v. Ferguson<\/a><\/em>. Chapter Three provides a quantitative account of the country&#8217;s history of anti-<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=450\" target=\"_blank\">miscegenation<\/a> legislation, while Chapter Four examines the role lynching played in the South as a means of social demarcation. The study ends in Chapter Five with a brief synopsis, an inquiry into the relationship between slavery and democracy, and a nonpartisan look at the legacy of the one-drop rule.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Abstract<\/li>\n<li>Maps and Figures<\/li>\n<li>Tables<\/li>\n<li>Preface<\/li>\n<li>Acknowledgements<\/li>\n<li><strong>I. Introduction: A Prehistory of the Present<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1.1. An American Anomaly<\/li>\n<li>1.2. The Origins and Development of the One-Drop Rule<\/li>\n<li>1.3. An Outline of the Argument<\/li>\n<li>1.4. Words about Words<\/li>\n<li>1.5. References<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>II. The Blood of Homer Plessy<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>2.1. Introduction<\/li>\n<li>2.2. Digression: The Virtues of Virtual History<\/li>\n<li>2.3. The Wider Context<\/li>\n<li>2.4. <em>Plessy v. Ferguson<\/em>: Background Information<\/li>\n<li>2.5. The Tourg\u00e9e Brief<\/li>\n<li>2.6. The Majority Opinion<\/li>\n<li>2.7. Counterfactual Scenario<\/li>\n<li>2.8. Plausibility Defense<\/li>\n<li>2.9. Conclusion<\/li>\n<li>2.10. References<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>III. Crossing the Line<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>3.1. Introduction<\/li>\n<li>3.2. A Brief History of Laws Prohibiting Interracial Sex and Marriage<\/li>\n<li>3.3. Trends in Anti-Miscegenation Activity<\/li>\n<li>3.4. Data and Methods<\/li>\n<li>3.5. Results<\/li>\n<li>3.6. Discussion<\/li>\n<li>3.7. Conclusion<\/li>\n<li>3.8. References<\/li>\n<li>3.9. Appendix<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>IV. The Killing Fields Revisited: Lynching and Anti-Miscegenation Legislation in the Jim Crow South, 1882-1930<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>4.1. Introduction<\/li>\n<li>4.2. Lynching: Background Information<\/li>\n<li>4.3. Anti-Miscegenation Legislation: Background Information<\/li>\n<li>4.4. The Strange Career of Judge Lynch: A Review of the Literature<\/li>\n<li>4.5. Data and Methods<\/li>\n<li>4.6. Results<\/li>\n<li>4.7. Discussion<\/li>\n<li>4.8. Conclusion<\/li>\n<li>4.9. References<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>V. Conclusion: The Legacy of the One-Drop Rule<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>5.1. Permanence and Change<\/li>\n<li>5.2. Synopsis<\/li>\n<li>5.3. Slavery and Democracy<\/li>\n<li>5.4. A Final Note<\/li>\n<li>5.5. References<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maps and Figures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>3.1A. Colonies Prohibiting Interracial Sex or Marriage, 1776<\/li>\n<li>3.1B. States and Territories, Prohibiting Interracial Sex or Marriage, 1861<\/li>\n<li>3.1C. States and Territories, Prohibiting Interracial Sex or Marriage, 1877<\/li>\n<li>3.1D. States Prohibiting Interracial Sex or Marriage, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.1E. States Prohibiting Interracial Sex or Marriage, 1967<\/li>\n<li>3.2A. Anti-Miscegenation Activity, 1619-2000<\/li>\n<li>3.2B. Anti-Miscegenation Activity, Excluding Significant Cases, 1619-2000<\/li>\n<li>3.3A. Anti-Miscegenation Bills Defeated, 1913<\/li>\n<li>3.3B. Anti-Miscegenation Bills Defeated, 1927<\/li>\n<li>3.4A. Statutory Definitions, 1861<\/li>\n<li>3.4B. Statutory Definitions, 1877<\/li>\n<li>3.4C. Statutory Definitions, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.5A. Statutory Penalties, 1861<\/li>\n<li>3.5B. Statutory Penalties, 1877<\/li>\n<li>3.5C. Statutory Penalties, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.6. Punishments Against Secondary Parties, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.7. Racial Coverage of Laws Prohibiting Miscegenation, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.8. Appellate Litigation Concerning Definitions of Race, 1776-2000<\/li>\n<li>3.9A-G. Severity of Definitions, 1880-1940<\/li>\n<li>3.10A-G. Severity of Penalties, 1880-1940<\/li>\n<li>4.1. Lynching and Anti-Miscegenation Legislation in the Jim Crow South, 1882-1930<\/li>\n<li>4.2. Lynching and Anti-Miscegenation Legislation in the Jim Crow South, Integrated Trends, 1882-1930<\/li>\n<li>4.3. The Moving Effects of Anti-Miscegenation Activity and the Constant Dollar Price for Cotton, 1882-1930<\/li>\n<li>5.1. Percent of Americans Marrying Out of Race, 1970-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.2A. Percent of Whites Marrying Out of Race, 1880-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.2B. Percent of Blacks Marrying Out of Race, 1880-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.3A. Percent of Whites Marrying Out of Race, Adjusting for Relative Numbers in the Population, 1880-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.3B. Percent of Blacks Marrying Out of Race, Adjusting for Relative Numbers in the Population, 1880-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.4. Percent within Categories Reporting Two or More Races, 2000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>TABLES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1.1. The <em>Longue Dur\u00e9e<\/em> of the One-Drop Rule, 1619-2000<\/li>\n<li>3.1. Percent of Colonies, Territories, and States Prohibiting Interracial Sex or Marriage, 1776-1967<\/li>\n<li>3.2A. Anti-Miscegenation Activity, 1619-2000<\/li>\n<li>3.2B. Anti-Miscegenation Activity, Excluding Significant Cases, 1619-2000<\/li>\n<li>3.3A. Average Severity of Definitions, 1861, 1877, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.3B. Average Severity of Definitions, Excluding States without Definitions, 1861, 1877, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.4A. Average Severity of Penalties, 1861, 1877, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.4B. Average Severity of Penalties, Excluding States without Penalties, 1861, 1877, 1938<\/li>\n<li>3.5. Expected Relationships<\/li>\n<li>3.6. ARMA (1,1) Regression of Anti-Miscegenation Activity on Selected Variables<\/li>\n<li>3.7. ARMA (1,1) Regression of Severity of Definitions on Selected Variables<\/li>\n<li>3.8. ARMA (1,1) Regression of Severity of Penalties on Selected Variables<\/li>\n<li>3.9. Racial Categories Used by the United States Census Bureau, 1880-1940<\/li>\n<li>3.10. Growth of the Decennial Census, 1880-1940<\/li>\n<li>3.11A. Significant Cases, 1810-1894<\/li>\n<li>3.11B. Significant Cases, 1895-1972<\/li>\n<li>4.1. ARMA (1,1,1) Regression of Black Lynchings on Selected Variables<\/li>\n<li>4.2. ARMA (1,1) Regression of Black Lynchings on Selected Variables<\/li>\n<li>4.3. The Impact of Anti-Miscegenation Activity and the Market for Southern Cotton Before and After 1900<\/li>\n<li>5.1. Percent of Americans Marrying Out of Race, 1970-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.2. Black-White Intermarriage Rates, 1970-2000<\/li>\n<li>5.3. Total Population by Number of Races Reported, 2000<\/li>\n<li>5.4. Percent within Categories Reporting Two or More Races, 2000<\/li>\n<li>5.5. Multiple-Race Population, 2000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Purchase the dissertation <a href=\"https:\/\/order.proquest.com\/OA_HTML\/pqdtibeCCtpItmDspRte.jsp?sitex=10020:22372:US&amp;item=3480237&amp;dlnow=1&amp;track=PQDT\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hypodescent: A history of the crystallization of the one-drop rule in the United States, 1880-1940 Princeton University September 2011 383 pages Publication Number: AAT 3480237 ISBN: 9781124939179 Scott Leon Washington A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[838,459,1467,8,394,20],"tags":[837,579,8945,8943,8942,8944],"class_list":["post-19386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dissertations","category-history","category-law","category-media-archive","category-socialscience","category-usa","tag-pierre-bourdieu","tag-plessy-v-ferguson","tag-princeton-university","tag-scott-l-washington","tag-scott-leon-washington","tag-scott-washington"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19386"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47066,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19386\/revisions\/47066"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}