{"id":22663,"date":"2012-04-25T00:37:42","date_gmt":"2012-04-25T00:37:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=22663"},"modified":"2012-04-25T00:40:35","modified_gmt":"2012-04-25T00:40:35","slug":"the-social-construction-of-race-and-monacan-education-in-amherst-county-virginia-1908%e2%80%931965-monacan-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=22663","title":{"rendered":"The Social Construction of Race and Monacan Education in Amherst County, Virginia, 1908\u20131965: Monacan Perspectives"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5959.2007.00107.x\" target=\"_blank\">The Social Construction of Race and Monacan Education in Amherst County, Virginia, 1908\u20131965: Monacan Perspectives<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/journal\/10.1111\/(ISSN)1748-5959\" target=\"_blank\">History of Education Quarterly<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hoeq.2007.47.issue-4\/issuetoc\" target=\"_blank\">Volume 47, Issue 4<\/a> (November 2007)<br \/>\npages 389\u2013415<br \/>\nDOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5959.2007.00107.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1748-5959.2007.00107.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Melanie D. Haimes-Bartolf<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>That&#8217;s all you heard, everywhere we went, or whatever we done, &#8220;oh, he&#8217;s one of those issues.&#8221; We couldn&#8217;t work with white people, we couldn&#8217;t be in schools with them, we couldn&#8217;t associate with them, we couldn&#8217;t eat |with them). I think they came up with the slang word &#8220;free issue.&#8221; They had this hatred; they just had this ungodly hatred. They couldn&#8217;t accept you as a human.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>At the prodding of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Jefferson\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas Jefferson<\/a>, the Virginia General Assembly in 1782 passed legislation that allowed slave owners to manumit their slaves by issuing slaves a copy of their emancipation papers and making them &#8220;free issues.&#8221;&#8216; Nevertheless, in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amherst_County,_Virginia\" target=\"_blank\">Amherst County, Virginia<\/a>, the meaning of &#8220;free issue&#8221; evolved to connote something very different than it did at its inception for a small mountain community.<\/p>\n<p>In 1953, the school board of Amherst County, Virginia, approved plans for new white and black high schools, and the State Board of Education made it possible for <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pamunkey\" target=\"_blank\">Pamunkey<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mattaponi\" target=\"_blank\">Mattaponi<\/a> Indian children of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tidewater_(geographic_term)\" target=\"_blank\">Virginia&#8217;s tidewater<\/a> to finish their education beyond the eighth grade at accredited Indian high schools outside <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia\" target=\"_blank\">Virginia<\/a>. Notwithstanding, there was a group of children living in the Tobacco Row Mountains at the base of the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Ridge_Mountains\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Ridge Mountains<\/a> for whom educational opportunity beyond the seventh grade would remain largely out of reach for another decade&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Read or purchase the article <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-5959.2007.00107.x\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Social Construction of Race and Monacan Education in Amherst County, Virginia, 1908\u20131965: Monacan Perspectives History of Education Quarterly Volume 47, Issue 4 (November 2007) pages 389\u2013415 DOI: 10.1111\/j.1748-5959.2007.00107.x Melanie D. Haimes-Bartolf Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia That&#8217;s all you heard, everywhere we went, or whatever we done, &#8220;oh, he&#8217;s one of those issues.&#8221; We [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,459,8,3015,26,394,20,693],"tags":[10520,10519],"class_list":["post-22663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","category-history","category-media-archive","category-native-americans","category-politics","category-socialscience","category-usa","category-virginia","tag-history-of-education-quarterly","tag-melanie-d-haimes-bartolf"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22663"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22663\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}