{"id":30424,"date":"2013-04-16T03:10:04","date_gmt":"2013-04-16T03:10:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=30424"},"modified":"2015-03-10T01:42:53","modified_gmt":"2015-03-10T01:42:53","slug":"%e2%80%9c%e2%80%98tubbee%e2%80%99-and-his-nieces-a-colloquy-on-white-men-choctaw-women-intermarriage-and-%e2%80%98indianness%e2%80%99-in-the","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=30424","title":{"rendered":"\u201c\u2018Tubbee\u2019 and His Nieces: A Colloquy on White Men, Choctaw Women, Intermarriage and \u2018Indianness\u2019 in the"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.se.edu\/nas\/files\/2013\/03\/Proceedings-2005-Mize.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u201c\u2018Tubbee\u2019 and His Nieces: A Colloquy on White Men, Choctaw Women, Intermarriage and \u2018Indianness\u2019 in the Choctaw Intelligencer, 1851\u201d<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Southeastern Oklahoma State University<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.se.edu\/nas\/\" target=\"_blank\">Native American Symposium<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.se.edu\/nas\/publications\/proceedings-of-the-sixth-native-american-symposium-native-women-in-the-arts-education-and-leadership\/\" target=\"_blank\">2005-Proceedings of the Sixth Native American Symposium<\/a><br \/>\npages 21-30<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/newsok.com\/more\/Richard%20Mize\" target=\"_blank\">Richard Mize<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <em>Choctaw Intelligencer\u2019s<\/em> editorial commentary varied greatly when it came to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choctaw\" target=\"_blank\">Choctaw<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chickasaw\" target=\"_blank\">Chickasaw<\/a> relations with the United States in 1849-1852. The most poignant opinions expressed in the <em>Intelligencer<\/em>, published in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doaksville,_Choctaw_Nation\" target=\"_blank\">Doaksville, Choctaw Nation<\/a>, came from letter writers and centered on the roles of men and women and what it meant to be \u201cIndian.\u201d Spanish, British and French colonialists had disrupted traditional gender roles of all Southeastern tribes centuries before. By 1851, traditional roles were being turned on their heads in Indian Territory. Traditional Choctaws reacted with hostility to the gender bias imposed by American missionaries and the patriarchal role foisted on men accustomed to a tradition of matrilineal property rights and autonomy. Later in the 1850s, civil war threatened between traditionalists and proponents of assimilation, with social tension exacerbated by sharp increases in the number of white intruders. Concepts of race, likewise, were in flux. Americans and many elite natives considered \u201cmixed bloods\u201d to be above \u201cfull bloods,\u201d but below whites. \u201cTubbee\u201d and his nieces and other native writers touched on all of these issues in letters to the editor of the <em>Choctaw Intelligencer<\/em> in 1851. The words in the letters are themselves artifacts of native literacy, considered then as the most important mark of \u201cprogress.\u201d Historian <a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/jlepore\" target=\"_blank\">Jill Lepore<\/a> observed that Indian literacy, among nineteenth-century Americans as well as pro-assimilation natives, \u201cmost of all, marked the line between savagery and civilization&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Read the entire paper <a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.se.edu\/nas\/files\/2013\/03\/Proceedings-2005-Mize.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201c\u2018Tubbee\u2019 and His Nieces: A Colloquy on White Men, Choctaw Women, Intermarriage and \u2018Indianness\u2019 in the Choctaw Intelligencer, 1851\u201d Southeastern Oklahoma State University Native American Symposium 2005-Proceedings of the Sixth Native American Symposium pages 21-30 Richard Mize The Choctaw Intelligencer\u2019s editorial commentary varied greatly when it came to Choctaw&#8211;Chickasaw relations with the United States in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[459,1196,8,3015,14,20,25],"tags":[14422,14423,19579],"class_list":["post-30424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","category-literary-criticism","category-media-archive","category-native-americans","category-papers","category-usa","category-women","tag-native-american-symposium","tag-richard-mize","tag-southeastern-oklahoma-state-university"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30424"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30424\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30424"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30424"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}