{"id":39398,"date":"2015-01-12T21:13:57","date_gmt":"2015-01-12T21:13:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=39398"},"modified":"2015-01-12T21:14:50","modified_gmt":"2015-01-12T21:14:50","slug":"the-christened-mulatresses-euro-african-families-in-a-slave-trading-town","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=39398","title":{"rendered":"\u201cThe Christened Mulatresses\u201d: Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5309\/willmaryquar.70.2.0371\" target=\"_blank\"><em><strong>\u201cThe Christened Mulatresses\u201d: Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/showPublication?journalCode=willmaryquar\" target=\"_blank\">The William and Mary Quarterly<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5309\/willmaryquar.70.issue-2\" target=\"_blank\">Volume 70, Number 2, April 2013<\/a><br \/>\npages 371-398<br \/>\nDOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5309\/willmaryquar.70.2.0371\" target=\"_blank\">10.5309\/willmaryquar.70.2.0371<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/history.wisc.edu\/people\/faculty\/ipsen.htm\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Pernille Ipsen<\/strong><\/a>, Assistant Professor<br \/>\nDepartment of Gender and Women\u2019s Studies, Department of History<br \/>\n<em>University of Wisconsin, Madison<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;MULATRESSE Lene&#8221;\u2014or Lene K\u00fchberg, as she is also called in the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denmark\" target=\"_blank\">Danish<\/a> sources\u2014grew up and lived in a social world created by the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_slave_trade\" target=\"_blank\">Atlantic slave trade<\/a>. Her name suggests that she was a daughter of slave traders\u2014a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ga-Adangbe_people\" target=\"_blank\">Ga<\/a> woman and a Danish man\u2014and in the 1760s she was <em>cassaret<\/em> (married) to Danish interim governor and slave trader Frantz Joachim K\u00fchberg. She lived in a European-style stone house in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osu,_Accra\" target=\"_blank\">Osu<\/a> (today a neighborhood in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accra\" target=\"_blank\">Accra<\/a>) on the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danish_Gold_Coast\" target=\"_blank\">Gold Coast<\/a>, and she was both racially and culturally Euro-African. The color of her skin and her name alone would have made it clear to everyone who met her that she was related to Europeans, but her clothes would also have marked her difference, and she may even have worn little bells and ornamental keys to show her heritage and connections. European travel writers described how Euro-African women on the Gold Coast who wore such little bells jingled so much that they could be heard at a great distance. Through their Euro-African heritage and marriages to European men, Euro-African women such as Lene K\u00fchberg occupied a particular and important position as intermediaries in the West African slave trade.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cThe Christened Mulatresses\u201d: Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town The William and Mary Quarterly Volume 70, Number 2, April 2013 pages 371-398 DOI: 10.5309\/willmaryquar.70.2.0371 Pernille Ipsen, Assistant Professor Department of Gender and Women\u2019s Studies, Department of History University of Wisconsin, Madison &#8220;MULATRESSE Lene&#8221;\u2014or Lene K\u00fchberg, as she is also called in the Danish sources\u2014grew up [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1295,12,459,8,6940,25],"tags":[1798,19035,16934,19034,12875,9576,2005],"class_list":["post-39398","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-africa","category-articles","category-history","category-media-archive","category-slavery","category-women","tag-denmark","tag-frantz-joachim-kuhberg","tag-gold-coast","tag-lene-kuhberg","tag-pernille-ipsen","tag-the-william-and-mary-quarterly","tag-william-and-mary-quarterly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39398","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=39398"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39398\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=39398"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=39398"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=39398"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}