{"id":42195,"date":"2015-08-11T20:17:43","date_gmt":"2015-08-11T20:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=42195"},"modified":"2015-08-11T20:17:43","modified_gmt":"2015-08-11T20:17:43","slug":"pauline-hopkins-and-the-death-of-the-tragic-mulatta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=42195","title":{"rendered":"Pauline Hopkins and the Death of the Tragic Mulatta"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pauline Hopkins and the Death of the Tragic Mulatta<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

JoAnn Pavletich<\/a><\/strong>, Associate Professor of English
\nUniversity of Houston, Houston, Texas<\/em><\/p>\n

Callaloo<\/a>
\nVolume 38, Number 3, Summer 2015<\/a>
\npages 647-663
\nDOI: 10.1353\/cal.2015.0103<\/a><\/p>\n

Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins<\/a>, turn-of-the-century intellectual, editor of the Colored American Magazine<\/em><\/a>, and author of essays, plays, short stories, and four complex novels written in the short span of five years is deservedly celebrated as a writer whose texts attempt to subvert racist social norms and encourage resistance. As Claudia Tate<\/a> rightly claims, Hopkins\u2019s first novel, Contending Forces<\/em>, is a \u201cmanifesto on the value of fiction to social activism in black America\u201d (170), and in the introduction to Contending Forces<\/em>, Hopkins herself claims that \u201c[i]n giving this little romance expression in print, I am not actuated by a desire for notoriety or for profit, but to do all that I can in an humble way to raise the stigma of degradation from my race\u201d (13\u201314). These activist and didactic intentions are borne out in all four of her novels, which offer readers a parade of righteous and pure men and women who do not deserve the \u201cstigma of degradation\u201d and struggle to rise above it. Hopkins\u2019s politically charged novels transmit their arguments through many genres, but most obviously and predominantly through the conventions of the period\u2019s sentimental and domestic literature, which includes an almost obsessive preoccupation with feminine virtue, submissiveness, and piety. Significantly, each of Hopkins\u2019s full-length novels employs these conventions in the context of a mixed-race female protagonist, resulting in a tension between the author\u2019s stated purpose of promoting African American agency and the imperatives that structured sentimentalism. This tension is the focus this essay.<\/p>\n

The significance of Hopkins\u2019s mixed-race female protagonists has been a central topic in previous scholarship on her work. The figure of the mulatto<\/a>, or the tragic mulatta<\/a>, a stock figure in nineteenth-century sentimental literature, sprung out of that century\u2019s confluence of abolitionist efforts and gender ideologies, emerging alongside and structured by notions of \u201ctrue womanhood\u201d in antebellum America<\/a>. As many scholars have observed, this popular and influential trope<\/a> functioned as an effective vehicle to explore relations between the races. According to Hazel Carby<\/a>, one of Hopkins\u2019s first and most sensitive critics, \u201c[a]s a mediating device the mulatto had two narrative functions: it enabled an exploration of the social relations between the races \u2026 and it enabled an expression of the sexual relations between the races, since the mulatto was a product not only of proscribed consensual relations but of white sexual domination\u201d (xxi\u2013xxii). This literary exploration, however, took place in a specific and limited ideological context where the dominant literary form and the dominant gender ideology were both constituted by notions of \u201ctrue womanhood.\u201d Thus, while the mulatto functioned as a narrative device, it existed within narratives inextricably tied to the rhetoric of true womanhood.<\/p>\n

Separate spheres ideology, later christened the Cult of True Womanhood<\/a> by Barbara Welter, advanced a regime of purity, piety, submissiveness, and domesticity as the basis for female moral authority. Writers seeking to end slavery or ameliorate racial injustices depicted mixed-race women possessing these characteristics in order to represent Black women as capable of asserting moral authority and participating in civil society. The obvious dilemma presented by this construct, however, is what Shirley Samuels<\/a> has termed the \u201cdouble logic of power and powerlessness\u201d: the contradiction between an assertion of female authority and the purity, piety, submissiveness, and domesticity that policed female subjectivity (4). That Hopkins created pure and submissive protagonists and engaged the conventional marriage plot of sentimental literature is not surprising. Given the way in which slavery stripped African American women of maternal and familial rights, Hopkins\u2019s and others\u2019 use of the \u201cseemingly conventional trope of redemptive maternity [and marriage] becomes not so conventional\u201d (McCullough 40). Moreover, as Ann duCille<\/a> notes, for the black female intelligentsia of the post-Reconstruction era<\/a>, \u201cmarriage was the calling card that announced \u2026 civility and democratic entitlement\u201d (30). This democratic entitlement came with a price, however, and this article examines Hopkins\u2019s innovative responses to working within the ideological constraints of her era, while simultaneously attempting to \u201cfaithfully portray the inmost thoughts and feelings of the Negro\u201d (Contending Forces<\/em> 14).<\/p>\n

This essay\u2019s analysis of the representational arc of Hopkins\u2019s mixed-race female protagonists…<\/p>\n

Read or purchase the article here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pauline Hopkins and the Death of the Tragic Mulatta JoAnn Pavletich, Associate Professor of English University of Houston, Houston, Texas Callaloo Volume 38, Number 3, Summer 2015 pages 647-663 DOI: 10.1353\/cal.2015.0103 Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins, turn-of-the-century intellectual, editor of the Colored American Magazine, and author of essays, plays, short stories, and four complex novels written in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,1196,8,20],"tags":[4284,20665,18835,18834,90],"class_list":["post-42195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","category-literary-criticism","category-media-archive","category-usa","tag-callaloo","tag-joann-pavletich","tag-pauline-e-hopkins","tag-pauline-elizabeth-hopkins","tag-pauline-hopkins"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42195","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=42195"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42196,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42195\/revisions\/42196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=42195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=42195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=42195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}