{"id":46102,"date":"2016-03-19T00:54:18","date_gmt":"2016-03-19T00:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=46102"},"modified":"2016-10-05T20:18:21","modified_gmt":"2016-10-05T20:18:21","slug":"purchasing-whiteness-race-and-status-in-colonial-latin-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=46102","title":{"rendered":"Purchasing Whiteness: Race and Status in Colonial Latin America"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/notevenpast.org\/purchasing-whiteness-race-and-status-in-colonial-latin-america\/\" target=\"_blank\">Purchasing Whiteness: Race and Status in Colonial Latin America<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/notevenpast.org\" target=\"_blank\">Not Even Past: \u201cThe past is never dead. It\u2019s not even past.\u201d \u2014William Faulkner<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.utexas.edu\/cola\/depts\/history\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Department of History<\/a><br \/>\nUniversity of Texas at Austin<br \/>\n2015-09-01<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.utexas.edu\/cola\/depts\/history\/faculty\/at2552\" target=\"_blank\">Ann Twinam<\/a><\/strong>, Professor of History<br \/>\n<em>University of Texas, Austin<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s start with a question and a comparison.<\/p>\n<p>What do you think would have happened if a free <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=451\" target=\"_blank\">mulatto<\/a> \u2014 someone of mixed white and African heritage \u2014 living in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York\" target=\"_blank\">New York<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia\" target=\"_blank\">Virginia<\/a>, had sent a letter to either of the Georges, either <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom\" target=\"_blank\">King George III<\/a> (1760-1820) or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Washington\" target=\"_blank\">President George Washington<\/a> (1789-1797) asking if he might purchase whiteness? Do you think he would have even received a reply, much less transformation to the status of white? The very idea that mulattos could pay to become \u201cwhites\u201d or that an English king or a U.S. president might grant such a change seems unbelievable \u2014 because it was.<\/p>\n<p>Yet, during the same period in the Spanish empire, such alterations for mulattos \u2013also known as <em>pardos<\/em> or <em>castas<\/em> \u2014 became possible. This was so, even though the Spanish state had also institutionalized severe discriminations against those of mixed African descent, just as in the British Empire and in the American republic. Laws forbade their practice of numerous occupations including physician, notary, lawyer, priest, the holding of public offices, service in the regular military, entrance to universities, and marriages with whites. Still, it was also possible for Cuban Manuel Baez to receive a royal decree in 1760 that erased \u201cthe defect that you suffer from birth and leave you able and capable as if you did not have it, repealing this time in your favor whatever laws, ordinances or constitutions speak otherwise.\u201d&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Read the entire article<a href=\"https:\/\/notevenpast.org\/purchasing-whiteness-race-and-status-in-colonial-latin-america\/\" target=\"_blank\"> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Purchasing Whiteness: Race and Status in Colonial Latin America Not Even Past: \u201cThe past is never dead. It\u2019s not even past.\u201d \u2014William Faulkner Department of History University of Texas at Austin 2015-09-01 Ann Twinam, Professor of History University of Texas, Austin Let\u2019s start with a question and a comparison. What do you think would have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,21,459,8],"tags":[8550,15853],"class_list":["post-46102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts","category-latincarib","category-history","category-media-archive","tag-ann-twinam","tag-not-even-past"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=46102"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46103,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46102\/revisions\/46103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=46102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=46102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=46102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}