{"id":8670,"date":"2010-09-01T21:42:30","date_gmt":"2010-09-01T21:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/wordpress\/?p=8670"},"modified":"2016-06-03T14:55:47","modified_gmt":"2016-06-03T14:55:47","slug":"city-of-amalgamation-race-marriage-class-and-color-in-boston-1890-1930","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/?p=8670","title":{"rendered":"City of Amalgamation: Race, Marriage, Class and Color in Boston, 1890-1930"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/dissertations\/AAI3337029\/\" target=\"_blank\">City of Amalgamation: Race, Marriage, Class and Color in Boston, 1890-1930<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>University of Massachusetts, Amherst<br \/>\nSeptember 2008<br \/>\n223 pages<br \/>\nPaper AAI3337029<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"mailto:Zebulon.Miletsky@stonybrook.edu\" target=\"_blank\">Zebulon V. Miletsky<\/a><\/strong>, Assistant Professor of Africana Studies<br \/>\n<em>Stony Brook University, State University of New York<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Submitted to the W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies at the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This dissertation examines the evolution of early race relations in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boston\" target=\"_blank\">Boston<\/a> during a period which saw the extinguishing of the progressive abolitionist racial flame and the triumph of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=4781\" target=\"_blank\">Jim Crow<\/a> in Boston. I argue that this historical moment was a window in which Boston stood at a racial crossroads. <strong>The decision to follow the path of disfranchisement of African Americans and racial polarization paved the way for the race relations in Boston we know and recognize today.<\/strong> Documenting the high number of blacks and whites who married in Boston during these years in the face of virulent anti-<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=450\" target=\"_blank\">miscegenation<\/a> efforts and the context of the intense political fight to keep interracial marriage legal, the dissertation explores the black response to this assault on the dignity and lives of African Americans. At the same time it documents the dilemma that the issue of intermarriage represented for black Bostonians and their leaders. African Americans in Boston cautiously endorsed, but did not actively participate in the Boston <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People\" target=\"_blank\">N.A.A.C.P.&#8217;s<\/a> campaign against the resurgence of anti-miscegenation laws in the early part of the twentieth century. The lack of direct and substantial participation in this campaign is indicative of the skepticism with which many viewed the largely white organization.<\/p>\n<p>Boston, with its substantial Irish population, had a pattern of Irish, and other immigrant women, taking Negro grooms&#8211;perhaps because of the proximity within which they often worked and their differing notions about the taboo of race mixing. Boston was, for example, one of the most tolerant large cities in America with regard to interracial unions by 1900. <strong>In the period between 1900 and 1904, about 14 out of every 100 Negro grooms took white wives. Furthermore, black and white Bostonians cooperated politically to ensure that intermarriage remained legal throughout the nation.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acknowledgements<\/li>\n<li>Abstract<\/li>\n<li>Preface<\/li>\n<li>Introdution<\/li>\n<li>1. A Sojourn in the City of Amalgamation: Race, Marriage and Freedom in Boston<\/li>\n<li>2. Interracial Paradise?: Boston and the Profressive Racial Impulse<\/li>\n<li>3. Proving Ground: Boston&#8217;s Black Leadership and the Dilemma of Intermarriage<\/li>\n<li>4. Breach of Promise: Passing and the Van Houten Case in Boston<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion<\/li>\n<li>Bibliograpy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Preface<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This dissertation examines the history of mixed race in Boston since 1890. As such, various mixed race \u201cphenomena\u201d are investigated including, but not limited to, interracial marriage, community and settlement patterns, the politics of intermarriage, love and sex across the color line, and racial paranoia surrounding the issue of miscegenation. It also investigates the disastrous implications the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=3208\" target=\"_blank\">one-drop rule<\/a> has had for virtually every important institution in American life: love, family and kinship patterns, marriage, sex, filial ties, legal and jurisdictional matters, education, community migration and settlement patterns. Furthermore, it tracks the evolution of the assumption of race as a biological reality to its present day manifestation as a socially constructed phenomenon. Finally, it outlines the ways in which the one-drop rule, originally intended to deny the rights of African Americans, came (somewhat ironically) to galvanize the black community.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Introduction<\/em> to this study serves as a brief review of the literature on the history of the one-drop rule in America. It is this measure of blackness, which has made racial mixing, miscegenation, and therefore, mixed race identity in the United States, problematic in ways that it did not in other post-slave societies. This literature illuminates the ways in which the one-drop rule came to govern America\u2019s unique binary racial system, beginning with its incarnation as a widespread and complicated system of laws during slavery that decreed slave status was inherited through the mother (also known as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=86\" target=\"_blank\">hypodescent<\/a>) to the anti-miscegenation laws that sprang up after the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Civil_War\" target=\"_blank\">Civil War<\/a> making it illegal in this country for people of different races to marry one another. A secondary aim of the introduction will be to briefly discuss nineteenth century <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudoscience\" target=\"_blank\">pseudoscientific<\/a> theories of race and the mythology of \u201cblood theory\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter one,<em> A Sojourn in the City of Amalgamation<\/em>, documents the relatively high number of blacks and whites who married in Boston during these years and the fight to keep interracial marriage legal. The politics of interracial marriage with a particular emphasis on the abolitionist legacy in Boston, beginning with the struggle to lift the ban on intermarriage in the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massachusetts\" target=\"_blank\">Commonwealth of Massachusetts<\/a> in 1843, is the origin from which this study germinates. It was in this radical environment that progressives, radicals and other heirs to the abolitionist legacy formulated a counter-philosophy that attempted to transgress America\u2019s greatest fiction\u2014the notion of the \u201cone-drop\u201d rule. In this way, cities like Boston became havens for interracial marriages and love across the color line, in general.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter two, <em>Interracial Paradise<\/em>, examines the somewhat idyllic ways in which Boston was portrayed by anti-amalgamationists and southern apologists to the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy\" target=\"_blank\">lost cause<\/a> of the Civil War. It discusses important neighborhoods such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_End\" target=\"_blank\">South End<\/a>, which was the stage upon which much of this drama took place and was the heart of Boston\u2019s black community after it moved out of the confines of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beacon_Hill,_Boston\" target=\"_blank\">Beacon Hill<\/a>. African Americans in Boston cautiously endorsed, but did not actively participate in, the campaign against the resurgence of anti-miscegenation laws in the early part of the 20th century. This lack of direct and substantial black participation in this campaign is significant. It is indicative of the dilemma that the issue of intermarriage represented for black Bostonians and their leaders.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter three, <em>Proving Ground<\/em>, examines the political struggle over the issue of interracial marriage and the dilemma it posed for the Boston branch of the N.A.A.C.P., as well as the national organization, when Congress attempted to pass a national ban on intermarriage in 1915. The N.A.A.C.P. and its Boston branch constituted the principal opposition to the ban. This chapter examines the political struggle over the issue of interracial marriage and the dilemma it posed for leading organizations such as the N.A.A.C.P., not only in Boston but across the nation. That same year, the Boston chapter held several mass meetings to protest the pending anti-miscegenation legislation in Congress. The Boston branch was especially challenged when the Commonwealth of Massachusetts attempted to pass a statewide ban in 1927 in response to the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)\" target=\"_blank\">Jack Johnson<\/a> interracial marriage controversy. I will examine the steps that were taken not only by the Boston N.A.A.C.P. to organize black Bostonians to defeat the bill, but the involvement of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Monroe_Trotter\" target=\"_blank\">William Monroe Trotter&#8217;s<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Equal_Rights_League\" target=\"_blank\">National Equal Rights League<\/a> and the dilemma the intermarriage caused for black leadership in general.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter four, <em>Breach of Promise<\/em>, takes a look at a case of passing which was the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mixedracestudies.org\/?p=8678\" target=\"_blank\">Van Houten case<\/a> in Boston. The case caused quite a stir in the delicate balance of social and racial hierarchy in Boston as well as a reversal of fortune in the courts. The case was watched very closely by the press who fed the public\u2019s appetite for every detail of the story, much like the drama that filled the pages of the romance novels on passing such as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nella_Larsen\" target=\"_blank\">Nella Larsen\u2019s<\/a> <em>Quicksand<\/em>. Like the protagonist of that story, Anna Van Houten was cursed by her racial betrayal and in the end despised for her deception. Her case was an important turning point in the adjudication of interracial marriage since it necessitated a legal remedy against intermarriage in a state where it was supposedly legal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Race and racial identity are perhaps the single most important social markers of identification in American life and culture. They serve as automatic registers of information about a person\u2014their history, their background, their politics, and even, perhaps, their socioeconomic status\u2014and yet for all the things we ask it to do for us, race falls incredibly wide of the mark. Race cannot, for example, tell us, who we\u2019re going to become in the future, or what we can accomplish, or for that matter who we are. Social scientists, anthropologists, and biological scientists all tell us that race is not real\u2014that there is no biological basis for race in human physiology\u2014and yet, we live and operate on a day-to-day basis as though it were. What is the impact of this enduring paradox\u2014<strong>America\u2019s greatest fiction<\/strong>, one that we have lived and propagated now for more than four centuries?<\/p>\n<p>As we have seen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, whiteness became highly sought after as the preferred status of choice that conferred all the benefits of racial privilege\u2014and until the 1950s, naturalized citizenship. However, it should be mentioned that whiteness as a concept is far more significant for what it is not, then for what it is\u2014namely, not black. Therefore, although America differs in its racial formulas of determining who is white and who is not, the main reason for the invention of whiteness, escape from the racial curse of blackness, remains intact in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilberto_Freyre\" target=\"_blank\">Gilberto Freyre\u2019s<\/a> notion of Brazil as an interracial democracy that is different from a racist United States is a good example of this phenomenon. Their odyssey over the highly contested and often controversial terrain of race and national identity has been a long and difficult journey. Burdened by a dual legacy of colonialism and foreign occupation, many of these republics, with the exception of perhaps Cuba, Haiti and anglophone West Indian countries, have suffered from a seeming inability to use blackness as a collective national organizing principle. Several of these countries have vacillated between ideologies that are based on white supremacy and reinforced by a legacy of historical amnesia. Scholars of race in Latin America have characterized this as an outright state of denial, for some, of their true racial make-up.<\/p>\n<p>It is this unique binary racial system then, which has made racial mixing, miscegenation and a mixed race identity in the United States problematic in ways that it did not in other post-slave societies. It has had disastrous implications for virtually every important institution in American life: family and kinship patterns, marriage, filial ties, legal and jurisdictional matters, education, love, community migration and settlement. Race in the United States, for example, creates the odd and strange phenomenon that a white woman is able to give birth to a black child, but a black woman can never, under any circumstances, give birth to a white child. This was the basis for a widespread and complicated system of laws during slavery that decreed that slave status was passed on by the mother and miscegenation laws that sprang up after the Civil War making it illegal in this country for people of different races to marry one another. Moreover, racial classification in America has created an entire mythology that we still unflinchingly believe is based on the archaic and unsound biological concept of blood theory. It is still commonplace to hear someone characterize a mixed person, for example, as having \u201cmixed-blood\u201d and subscribe to the mythical concept of the one-drop-rule, also known as hypo-descent, meaning that racially mixed persons are assigned the status of the subordinate group in their ancestry.<\/p>\n<p>In the United States, blood theory and pseudo-scientific theories of race reached their pinnacle in the late-nineteenth century with scientists engaged in a constant effort to prove that the Negro was a member of \u201ca separate and permanently inferior species,\u201d and, \u201cnot simply a savage or semi-civilized member of the same species.\u201d\u00a0 The basic assumption was that race was a biological phenomenon and an essential one at that.<\/p>\n<p>It has become common practice of late in scholarship dealing with race and racial identity to point to the phenomenon of race as a socially constructed fallacy that has no basis in biological or scientific fact. Increasingly, terms such as construction, invention, and idea have replaced the once dominant scientific and empirical terminology used to describe race, a phenomenon that had, and still has, profound implications for the stratification of society. However, as eager as anthropologists are to proclaim the premature death of race, it is imperative to acknowledge the powerful and important social role that race still plays in our daily lives, cultures, and lived experiences, not to mention the endless sea of ink that has been spilled over the nature and image of the Negro. The theorem posed by <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._I._Thomas\" target=\"_blank\">W. I. Thomas<\/a> in the year 1928, seems applicable here. It states, \u201cIf men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.\u201d Perhaps one of the biggest limitations of these modern approaches is a marked tendency to critique ideas about race by challenging the validity of the concept of race itself. Because the discipline of anthropology has effectively moved to a \u201ccolor blind\u201d position, one which increasingly views society through the lens of ethnicity rather than race, it has confused the issue by distorting the role that race plays in society. By denying the importance of race and the way in which racial categories are formulated in the first place, it has among other things, opened itself up to a racial discourse that allows conservatives to advance the false ideal of a color-blind society&#8230;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Purchase the dissertation <a href=\"https:\/\/order.proquest.com\/OA_HTML\/pqdtibeCCtpItmDspRte.jsp?sitex=10020:22372:US&amp;item=3337029&amp;dlnow=1\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>City of Amalgamation: Race, Marriage, Class and Color in Boston, 1890-1930 University of Massachusetts, Amherst September 2008 223 pages Paper AAI3337029 Zebulon V. Miletsky, Assistant Professor of Africana Studies Stony Brook University, State University of New York Submitted to the W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies at the Graduate School of the University of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[838,459,1467,8,6462,394,20],"tags":[3711,3712,899,3710,3709,3708,4091],"class_list":["post-8670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dissertations","category-history","category-law","category-media-archive","category-passing-2","category-socialscience","category-usa","tag-boston","tag-massachusetts","tag-naacp","tag-university-of-massachusetts-of-amherst","tag-zebulon-miletsky","tag-zebulon-v-miletsky","tag-zebulon-vance-miletsky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8670"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47266,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8670\/revisions\/47266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixedracestudies.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}