Mixed Race Studies

Determinants of Multiracial Identification and Their Effects on Poverty Estimtates among US Children

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Hilton San Francisco & Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel
San Francisco, California
2004-08-14

21 pages

Anthony Daniel Perez, Assistant Professor
Chapel Hill Department of Sociology
University of North Carolina

This project examines the role of family background on the identification of multiracial children in the U.S. and considers the impact of various classificatory schemes on child poverty estimates. I seek to resolve several questions in this analysis. First, I consider the extent to which key family background characteristics such as income, education, and race influence patterns of child race reporting (monoracial vs. multiracial) by parents in interracial unions. I then consider whether child poverty tabulations are sensitive to how and where we include multiracial children in the estimates. In undertaking this analysis, I examine the large, nationally representative 5 percent Public Use Microdata from the Census 2000 long form.

Read the entire paper here.

The Multiple Race Population: Is it Increasing or Decreasing?

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Montreal Convention Center
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
2006-08-11

15 pages

Reynolds Farley, Research Professor Emeritus
Population Studies Center and Sociology Department
University of Michigan

A vibrant social movement developed in the 1990s, argued that many Americans had parents from differences races and that the federal statistical system should not classify persons into only one race. They succeeded in effecting the most dramatic change ever to occur in the measurement of race since Office of Management and Budget ruled in 1997 that the census and federal agencies must allow persons to identify with as many races as they wished.

Census 2000 found that one American in 40 identified with two or more races.  Because of increases in interracial marriage, a growth of the multiple race population was anticipated. The Census Bureau’s annual American Community Survey asks the race question to a sample of 800,000 households.  The percent identifying with two or more races decreased from 2.4 percent in 2000 to 1.9 percent four years later.

Census Bureau surveys report a substantial change in the racial identity selected by those who identify themselves as Spanish/Hispanic/Latino.  The percent of Hispanics who used a Spanish term for their race increased from 29 percent in 2000 to 36 percent in 2004. Without doubt Hispanics are increasing using a Spanish term as their racial identity.

Read the entire paper here.

Multirace.com: The Promise and Pitfalls of Multiracial Cyberspace

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Atlanta Hilton Hotel
Atlanta, Georgia
2003-08-16
27  pages

Erica Childs, Assistant Professor
Department of Sociology
Hunter College at the City University of New York

Through the Internet, multiracial individuals and families, even those who have felt isolated in racially segregated communities, can transcend geographically defined communities just by clicking and typing.  Type “multiracial” in any search engine and hundreds of results will be given, identifying the varied websites that exist.  Surfing through these sites from individual webpages of interracial couples to larger sites, it becomes clear that these sites are not detached and separate but rather form an intricate web, connected by links. These websites are an instrumental part of the multiracial movement.

The promise and potential of multiracial cyberspace is that it does provide a multiracial community and network, an “imagined” community among the specific assemblage of linked sites and web browsers not bound by geographical boundaries where most of the members may never meet though “in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.” Y et the Internet mirrors the larger society in that websites and web publications are often racialized, primarily geared towards one racial group or community thereby reinforcing the color line. Likewise multiracial websites exist on the color line, with a few challenging the racial status quo by bringing together all races, while most simply reproduce the racial hierarchy by further demarcating a separate multiracial community. This paper explores the significance of these “multiracial” websites, the ideologies they support, and their role in the multiracial movement. The images and ideas they project about multiracialism and racial politics is addressed. In particular the ways that these websites attempt to construct a multiracial community and promote a particular type of multiracial identity is highlighted.

Read the entire paper here.

Revisiting The Hollow Hope: The U.S. Supreme Court and the Repeal of Interracial Marriage Restrictions

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Atlanta Hilton Hotel
Atlanta, Georgia
2003-08-13

21 pages

Nancy Martin

This paper outlines a research proposal for the analysis of the state-by-state repeal of interracial marriage restrictions, and particularly the role of the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1967 decision in this process. Rosenberg (1991) argues that the Supreme Court actions are largely inconsequential to progress and social reform. This proposal develops the repeal of interracial marriage restrictions as an important test case for Rosenberg’s theory.  What happened at the state-level in the years leading up to and after the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision declaring interracial marriage prohibitions unconstitutional?  Was this decision a key moment in ensuring the repeal of these laws in Southern states? Alternatively, was Loving v. Virginia (1967) nothing more than a punctuation mark in the already advancing progress of state-level reforms?  This project has the potential to make three important contributions: update our knowledge on the history of state-by-state repeal of interracial marriage laws; confirm, modify or extend Rosenberg’s thesis from The Hollow Hope; and provide valuable insights for contemporary activists who continue to work for social reforms.

Read the entire paper here.

Race-ing and (E)race-ing the Child: Interracial Families Negotiate Racial Identification for their Multiracial Children

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel
Philadelphia, PA
2005-08-12

18 pages

David L. Brunsma, Professor of Sociology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

In this paper, a nationally-representative sample of kindergarten-aged children is used from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study to explore the structure of parental racial designation of mixed-race children. The variation in these parental designations of a variety of combinations of mixed-race children is described. Parental racial designations in the three most common majority-minority interracial couplings – White/Hispanic, Black/White, and Asian/White – are predicted using multinomial logistic regression models. The results may indicate a movement by the parents of these multiracial children away from minority status through racial labeling and towards “multiracial” and “white” – movements that are predicated upon social class. A critical discussion of the implications of these results considers the multifaceted reasons why parents are deciding to racially label their children in the ways that they do.

Read the entire paper here.

Moving Beyond the Black-White Color Line? Immigration, Diversity, and Multiracial Identification in the United States

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Hilton San Francisco & Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel
San Francisco, CA
2004-08-14

Jennifer Lee

This paper explores theory and evidence about immigration, race/ethnicity, intermarriage, and multiracial identification, and assesses the implications of trends and patterns for changes in America’s color lines, focusing especially on the traditional and relatively persistent black-white color line that has long divided the country. For more than three and a half decades, continued immigration from Latin America and Asia has transformed the United States from a largely biracial society consisting of a large white majority and smaller black minority into a society composed of multiple racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, the rate of intermarriage between whites and nonwhites increased dramatically, and along with its rise, the growth in the multiracial population. For the first time in U.S. history, the 2000 Census allowed Americans the option to mark “more than one race” to self-identify, reflecting the view that race is no longer conceived of as a bounded category. Increases in immigration, intermarriage, and multiracial identification might appear to indicate that race is declining in significance, and racial/ethnic divides, eroding for all groups. However, the trends and patterns of interracial marriage and multiracial reporting indicate that while racial/ethnic boundaries may be loosening for some groups, they are not loosening for all. Moreover, while the traditional black-white divide may be fading, a new divide seems to be emerging-one that separates blacks and non-blacks.

Read entire paper here.

A Practical Approach to Using Multiple-Race Response Data: A Bridging Method for Public-Use Microdata

September 2006

Carolyn A. Liebler, Assistant Professor
Department of Sociology and Minnesota Population Center
University of Minnesota

Andrew Halpern-Manners
Department of Sociology and Minnesota Population Center
University of Minnesota

This project was begun while the first author was funded by “IPUMS-Redesign” (NIH GRANT R01-HD043392), Steven Ruggles, P.I. We thank John Robert Warren, Deborah D. Ingram, Elaine M. Hernandez, C. Matthew Snipp, and J. Trent Alexander for their helpful feedback and the Minnesota Population Center for its invaluable research support. Address comments to: Carolyn Liebler, Department of Sociology, 267 – 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55455; e-mail: liebler@soc.umn.edu.

Revised federal policies require that multiple-race responses be allowed in all federal data collection efforts, but many researchers find the multitude of race categories and variables very difficult to use. Important comparability issues also interfere with using multiple-race data in analyses of multiple datasets and/or multiple points in time. These difficulties have, in effect, discouraged the use of the more nuanced new data on race. We present a practical method for incorporating multiple-race respondents into analyses that use public-use Microdata. We extend prior work by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in which they use multiple-race respondents’ preferred single race and other characteristics to develop a model predicting preferred single race (if forced to choose). In this paper, we apply the NCHS-generated regression coefficients to public-use Microdata with limited geographic information. We include documentation and dissemination tools for this practical and preferable method of including multiple-race respondents in analyses.

Read the entire paper here.

Homelands and Indigenous Identities in a Multiracial Era

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting
Sheraton Boston and the Boston Marriott Copley Place
Boston, Massachusetts
2008-07-31
27 pages

Carolyn A. Liebler, Assistant Professor of Sociology
University of Minnesota

Although multiple-race responses are now allowed on federal forms like the census, most interracially married single-race parents report their children as single race.  I argue that homelands – physical places with cultural meaning – are an important component of the intergenerational transfer of a single-race identity in multiracial families. I make my case by focusing on families with an interracially married American Indian who was living with his or her spouse and child in 2000 (Census 2000 5% PUMS [Public Use Microdata Series]). Logistic regression reveals that there is a strong effect of living in an American Indian homeland on the child’s chances of being reported as single-race American Indian.  This effect remains even after accounting for family connections to American Indians and other groups, family and area poverty levels, geographic isolation, and the racial composition of the area.  The intergenerational transmission of strong indigenous identities can continue in this multiracial era (as it has for centuries) in the context of culturally meaningful physical places.

Read the entire paper here.

What about the Children?: Black/White Children, Family Approval of Interracial Relationships, and Contemporary Racial Ideology

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel
Philadelphia, PA
2005-08-12

16 pages

Rachel Sullivan, Associate Professor of Sociology
Montgomery College, Germantown, Maryland

“Concerns” about the welfare of Black/White biracial children are frequently cited in the discourse opposing interracial relationships. This paper uses data from 44 in-depth interviews with interracial couples and their relatives to examine how contemporary racial ideology shapes discourses on Black/White children.

In these interviews, worries about biracial children’s place in the current racial order were central to the process of family approval of interracial relationships. Fears about biracial children are the most commonly reason cited for opposing a relatives interracial relationship; however, the origins of those concerns are different for Black relatives and White relatives. Ironically, most Black/White couples reported that having children lead to a decrease in family opposition to their relationship. Since the “what about the children” argument is so prevalent, most members of interracial couples have developed a set of counter discourses trumpeting the advantages of biracial children. They argue that— 1) biracial children have the best of both worlds 2) they are beautiful 3) they have genetic advantages, and 4) they are a sign of racial progress.

Unfortunately, both the dominant discourses relatives use and couples’ counter discourses are trapped by the logic of colorblindness and racial essentialism. Although counter discourses may represent a change in the racial order, they do not represent an anti-racist challenge to contemporary racial ideology. Acknowledging racism and trying to actively challenge it are very difficult, and the changing politics of race makes this even more difficult for interracial families.

Read the entire paper here.

Examining Health Disparities Through the Lens of Mixed Race

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association
Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel
Philadelphia, PA
2005-08-12

Cathy J. Tashiro, Associate Professor
Nursing Program
University of Washington, Tacoma
 
Debates are occurring about the relative contribution of genetic vs. social factors to racial health disparities. An ideology of race is manifested in genetic arguments for the etiology of racial health disparities. There is also growing attention to people of mixed race since the 2000 U.S. Census enabled them to be counted. Careful consideration of the complex issues raised by the existence of people of mixed race may bring clarity to the debates about health disparities, offer a challenge to the ideology of race, and afford important insights for the practice of research involving race.

Read the entire paper here.